Unit Conversion and Engineering measurement units

There are different steps involved in Building
construction like,
Concreting
Masonry work
Plastering work
Flooring work
Formwork
Steel cutting and Bending

2. Measure the volume of concrete. The volume of concrete is calculated by Multiplying
   its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 1m x1m = 1 m³ of volume of concrete.

3. Concrete cover for reinforcement is required to protect the rebar against corrosion and to provide resistance against fire.

4. Calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia at the Steel on-site. By multiplying the length of the steel bar with its unit weight (Unit wt. of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m) Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg

5. The equation used for calculating the unit weight of the steel bar is (D²/162).

6. The size of a concrete cube is 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm.

7. LEAR COVER TO MAIN REINFORCEMENT:
   a. Footings : 50 Mm
   b. Raft Foundation. Top : 50 Mm
   c. Raft Foundation. Bottom/Sides : 75 Mm
   d. Strap Beam : 50 Mm
   e. Grade Slab : 20 Mm
   f. Column : 40 Mm
   g. Shear Wall : 25 Mm
   h. Beams : 25 Mm
   i. Slabs : 15 Mm
   j. Flat Slab : 20 Mm
   k. Staircase : 15 Mm
   l. Ret. Wall : 20/ 25 Mm On Earth
   m. Water Retaining Structures : 20/30 Mm

8. WEIGHT OF ROD PER METER LENGTH: DIA WEIGHT PER METER; (Formula=D^2/162)
   a. 6mm = 0.222Kg
   b. 8mm = 0.395 Kg
   c. 10mm = 0.616 Kg
   d. 12mm = 0.888 Kg
   e. 16mm = 1.578 Kg
   f. 20mm = 2.466 Kg
   g. 25mm = 3.853 Kg
   h. 32mm = 6.313 Kg
   i. 40mm = 9.865 Kg
9. UNITS:
   a. 1bag cement-50kg
   b. 1feet-0.3048m
   c. 1m-3.28ft
   d. 1sq.m-10.76sq.ft
   e. 1cu.m-35.28cu.ft
   f. 1acre-43560sq.ft
   g. 1cent-435.6sq.ft
   h. 1hectare-2.47acre
   i. 1acre-100cent-4046.724sq.m
   j. 1ground-2400sq.ft
   k. 1unit-100cu.ft-2.83cu.m
   l. 1square-100sq.ft

10. 1M LENGTH STEEL ROD I ITS VOLUME
    V= (Pi/4) x Dia x DiaX L= (3.14/4) x D x D X 1 (for
    1m length) Density of Steel=7850 kg/ cub meter
    Weight = Volume x Density= (3.14/4) x D x D X
    1×7850 (if D is in mm) so = ((3.14/4) x D x D X
    1×7850)/ (1000×1000) = Dodd/162.27

11. DESIGN MIX
    M10 (1: 3.92: 5.62)
    Cement: 210 Kg/ M 3
    20 mm Jelly: 708 Kg/ M 3
    12.5 mm Jelly: 472 Kg/ M 3
    River sand: 823 Kg/ M 3
    Total water: 185 Kg/ M 3
    Fresh concrete density: 2398 Kg/M 3

12.M20 (1: 2.48: 3.55)
Cement: 320 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 683 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 455 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 794 Kg/ M 3
Total water: 176 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2430 Kg/ M 3

13.M25 (1: 2.28: 3.27)
Cement: 340 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 667 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 445 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 775 Kg/ M 3
Total water: 185 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.6%
Fresh concrete density: 2414 Kg/ M 3
Note: sand 775 + 2% moisture, Water185 -20.5 =164 Liters, Admixture = 0.5% is 100ml

14.M30 (1: 2: 2.87)
Cement: 380 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 654 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 436 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 760 Kg/ M 3
Total water: 187 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2420 Kg/ M 3
Note: Sand = 760 Kg with 2% moisture (170.80+15.20)

15.M35 (1: 1.79: 2.57)
Cement: 410 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 632 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 421 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 735 Kg/ M 3
Total water: 200 Kg/ M 3
Admixture: 0.7%
Fresh concrete density: 2400 Kg/ M 3
Note: sand = 735 + 2%, Water = 200- 14.7 = 185.30,
Admixture = 0.7%

16.M40 (1: 1.67: 2.39)
Cement: 430 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 618 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 412 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 718 Kg/ M 3
Water Cement ratio: 0.43
Admixture: 0.7%
Note: Sand = 718 + Bulk age 1%

17.M45 (1: 1.58: 2.26)
Cement: 450 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 626 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 417 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 727 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 1%
Water Cement ratio: 0.43
Admixture: 0.7%

18.M50 (1: 1.44: 2.23)
Cement: 450 Kg/ M 3
20 mm Jelly: 590 Kg/ M 3
12.5 mm Jelly: 483 Kg/ M 3
River sand: 689 Kg/ M 3 + Bulk age 12%
Water Cement ratio: 0.36 (188 Kg)
Admixture: 1.20%3
Micro silica: 30 Kg
Super flow 6.7% of cement

12. 1 cubic meter contains 500 bricks
    The Standard size of the 1st class brick is 190mm x 90mm x 90mm and motor joint should be 10mm thick So brick with motor=200 x 100 x 100.Volume of 1st class brick = 0.19 x 0.09 X 0.09 = 0.001539
    cu.m Volume of 1st class brick with motor =0.2 x0.1 x 0.1=0.002 cu.m
    No. on bricks per 1cu.m= 1/volume of1st class brick
    with mortar =1/0.002 = 500 no’s of bricks
    20.STANDARD CONVERSION FACTORS
    Inch = 25.4 Millimeter
    Foot = 0.3048 Meter
    Yard = 0.9144 Meter
    Mile = 1.6093 Kilometer
    Acre = 0.4047 Hectare
    Pound = 0.4536 Kilogram
    Degree Fahrenheit X 5/9 – 32 = Degree Celsius
    Millimeter= 0.0394 Inch
    Meter = 3.2808foot
    Meter = 1.0936yard
    A Rope Having Length 100cm.You Can Form Any
    Shape Using This Rope (Example: Triangle,
    Rectangle, Etc.,). Which Shape Will Covers
    Maximum Area
    1 Newton = O.101971 Kg
    1 Mm2 = 0.01 Cm2
    1 Cm2 = 100 Mm2
    1 Mm2 = 20 N
    100 Mm2 = 2000n
    1 Cm2 = 2000n
    2000 N = 203.942 Kg
    So 20 N/ Mm2 = 203.942 Kg / Cm2

13. The Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars is 0.89 kg/m
    22.Density of Steel is 7850 kg/m³.
    23.In Fe – 415 Steel Grade, 415 indicates the Tensile Strength of Steel.
    24.The Volume of 50 kg bag of cement is 0.035 m³.
    25.In Residential Building, Average Value of Stair Width is 900 mm.
    26.The Slope of Stair should not Exceed 40º.
    27.Minimum diameter of steel in Column is 12 mm.
    28.Standard Size of Brick is 19 cm x 9 cm x 9 cm.
    29.Unit Weight of RCC is 2500 kg/ m³.
    30.One Acre = 43560 Sq. ft.

14. The Full Form of UTM = Universal Testing Machine
    32.Expire of Cement is after 3 month.
    33.One square meter = 10.76 Sq. ft
    34.Unit weight of 25 mm Steel Bars is 3.85 kg/m.
    35.One Hectare =2.47 Acres.
    36.One Gallon = 3.78 Liters
    37.One kilo newton is equal to 101.97 KG
    38.One Tonne is equal to 1000 KG
    39.Maximum Free fall of concrete allowed is 1.5 m.
    40.Minimum Bars in Circular Column Should be 6 Nos

15. The Full Form of AAC is Autoclaved Aerated Concrete.
    42.The Full Form of NDT is Non – Destructive Test.
    43.The Full Form of JCB is Joseph Cyril Bamford.
    44.The Plate Load Test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity of Soil.
    45.The Ring and ball test is conducted on construction material Bitumen.
    46.Minimum hook length as per IS Code is 75 mm.
    47.The extra length in Bent up bars is 0.45.
    48.The Least Count of Dumpy is 5mm.
    49.The Full of EGL is Existing ground level.
    50.A First Class Brick Should Absorb Water More than 20 %.
    51.Number of Bricks used in 1 Cubic meter of Brickwork is 500 Nos.
    52.The Normal Consistency of Portland cement is 25 %.
    53.The Expansion in Portland cement is tested by Soundness Test.
    54.According to IS Code, Full Strength of Concrete is achieved after 28 Days.
    55.the Volume of 1 bag of cement is 0.035 m³
    56.Minimum Grade of Concrete Used for RCC is M –20.
    57.Cement Expire is After 3 month.
    58.The Full Form of DPR is Detailed Project Report.
    59.The initial and final setting time for cement is initial: Less than 30 min and 600 min.
    60.the Responsibilities of a Construction Manager in the project are:
    a. Responsibilities of a Construction Manager in the project
    b. Supervising the construction Site.
    c. Estimate the proper cost of the project
    d. Purchasing the materials required for
    construction before work begins.
    e. Purchasing the materials required for
    construction before work begins.
    f. Analyzing the proposals.
    g. Construction Scheduling & Monitoring

16. the potential risk factors for workers on the construction site are:
    a. Following are the risk factors for workers,
    for not following the safety protocols:
    b. Risk to fall from height
    c. Failure Scaffold and Trench
    d. Change of Electric shock and arc blast
    e. Motion injuries

62. Hybrid Foundation: Hybrid Foundation is used to reduce the amount of settlement in high rise building, which contains both soils supported mat and piles.

63. The different ways of demolition are: Demolition is commonly done through Hydro-demolition, Dismantling and Pressure Bursting.

64. Floating Slab Foundation: Type of mat foundation having the hollow mat formed by the grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs is termed as Floating Slab Foundation.

65. Flashing: Joints in a building can be sealed and protected from water penetration through extended construction called as Flashing. It can be installed at the walls and parapets.

66. Different types of roof systems are :
a. Following are the types of roof system,
b. Slate or Stone roofs
c. Wood shingle roofs
d. Metal roofing systems
67.the phase inspections done by local authority while construction are :
a. Various inspections during the construction includes,
b. Inspection of Site
c. First or pre-construction Inspection
d. Inspection of Foundation before placing of concrete
e. Framing inspection
f. Insulation inspection is done after insulation
g. Lastly, the final inspection is done after the completion of the construction
68.the some of the Inspections, done after the completion of construction are :
a. Listed are some of the checking or
inspection is done on the exterior side of the construction is,
b. Storm sewer system
c. Safety provision (terraces, porches, areaways)
d. Accessory buildings
e. Drainage
f. Retaining wall
g. Compaction of fill material
h. Caulking at opening
i. Pavement edging
j. Protection against moisture penetration
k. Design of dwelling structure

69. The Order of Change request is :
Change order request is a written document given by the owner, requesting an adjustment to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time. It can be issued by the architect or owners representative.

70. The components covered within Construction Cost are: Materials required, labor expense, equipment and services, contractor’s overhead, and profit are covered under the estimated construction cost while compensation or salary paid to the architect, consultant, or engineers, cost of the land, and other costs that is owner’s responsibility is not covered in it.

17. Distribution bars of slabs should not be more than 1/8 of slab thickness and should not be less than 8mm.
    72.Maintain the maximum thickness of slab which is 125mm.
    73.The PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
    74.Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping should be 36mm. Bars with more than the mentioned diameter should not be allowed.
    75.Maximum chair spacing is always 1m and a minimum diameter that is used for these bars is 12mm.
    76.Longitudinal reinforcement need not be less than 0.8% of the gross area of cross section nor should it be more than 6% of the same.
    77.The main bars used in the slabs should not be less than 8mm in case HYSD bars are used and 10mm when plain bars are used.
    78.The minimum diameter that is used for dowels bars is 12mm.
    79.The maximum standard of free fall of concrete is 1.50m.
    80.The comprehensive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2

18. Absorption of water by bricks should not be more than 15%.
    82.Lapping should not be employed for bars with diameters greater than 36mm.
    83.The binding wire needed in steel reinforcement ism8 kg per MT.
    84.As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting tests for every 100m2 in Soil filling.
    85.Electrical conduits shall not run in the column.
    86.Earthwork excavation for basement above 3m should be stepped form.
    87.Backfilling of any kind should be compacted 95% of dry density at the optimum moisture content. They should be in layers not more than 200mm for filling above structure and 300mm for no structure.
    88.F soling is specified the soling stones shall be laid at 45° to 60° inclination, not in a vertical way with interstices filled with sand.
    89.Cement should be stored in dry places. It will be placed on a raised platform say about 200mm above floor level and 300mm away from walls.
    90.Bags to be stacked till 10 bags high in a manner that it is protected from moisture and contamination.

19. Fresh concrete samples should be taken and at least a set of 6 cubes of 150mm shall be prepared and cured. 3 cubes each at 7 days and 28 days shall be tested for comprehensive strength. Test results must be given to engineering for approval. When the results are unsatisfactory necessary rectification measures need to be taken.
    92.Set of cube test need to be done for each 30 cum of concrete / each level of casting / each batch of cement.
    93.Water that is used for mixing and curing should be clean and free from oils, alkali, salts, sugar and organic materials or other deleterious substances. PH. shall be generally between 6 and 8.
    94.Maximum chair spacing is 1.00m or 1 number per 1m2.
    95.For the diameter, more than 36mm lapping is not allowed for the bars.
    96.A minimum of 12mm diameter bars of chairs is to use on-site.
    97.For dowels steel of 12mm diameter should be used.
    98.Longitudinal reinforcement not more than 6% of gross C/S and not less than 0.8 percent of C/S.
    99.The minimum vertical bars for the Square column is 4no’s and 6no’s for the Circular Column.
20. Main bars in the Slab shall not be less than 8mm (HYSD) or 10mm (plain Bars) and the distribution bars not less than 8mm and not more than 1/8 of the slab.
21. Dimension Tolerance of a cube is +2mm.
22. The minimum thickness of a slab is 125mm.
23. The maximum freefall of concrete that is allowed is 1.50m.
24. Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 percent.
25. Ph value of the water should not be less than 6.
26. Bricks Compressive Strength is 3.5N/mm2.
27. Binding wire in steel is required is 8kg per MT.
28. 3 samples should be taken for the core cutting test for every 100m2.
29. 36mm is the maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping. Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.
30. Maximum chair spacing is 1m and the minimum diameter used for these bars is 2mm.
31. Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
32. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% of gross area of cross section and not be more than 6% of the same.
33. Minimum number of bars used for square columns is 4 and that of a circle is 6.
34. The main bars used in the slabs should not be less than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when
35. The distribution bars in slabs should not less than 8mm and not more than 1/8 of slab thickness.
36. Minimum thickness of slab is 125mm.
37. Maximum free fall of concrete is allowed to 1.50m.
38. Lap slices not be employed for bars greater than 36 mm.
39. PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
40. Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.
41. Water absorption of bricks should not be more than 15 %.
42. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8 kg per MT.
43. As per IS code, 3 samples should be taken for core cutting test for every 100m2in soil filling.
44. The curb and also state the height of the low curb are: A curb is defined as a structure that can separate
    pavement and median, pavement and shoulder, pavement and footpath. The height of the low curb is restricted to 100mm only
45. The density of steel used in construction is 7850 kg/m³.
46. Floating slab foundation: A floating concrete foundation is a type of mat foundation that consists of the hollow mat formed by a grid of thick reinforced concrete walls between two thick reinforced concrete slabs is called as a floating concrete foundation.
47. The Unit weight of 12 mm Steel Bars is 0.89 kg/m.
48. 1: 1.5: 3 is the mix ratio for M – 20 Grade of concrete.
49. The size of a concrete cube is 15 cm x 15 cm x 15 cm.
50. (D²/162) is the general equation used to calculate unit weight of steel bar.
51. Calculate the weight of 12m long and 10mm dia. steel bar on-site
    Here, we can multiply the length of the steel bar by its
    unit weight (unit wt. of 10mm = 0.60 kg/m)
    Therefore, Weight of steel = 0.60x 12 = 7.2 kg.
52. Concrete Cover is provided to reinforcement, the function of the cover is to protect the reinforcement bars against corrosion and to provide ultimately provide resistance against fire.
53. Measure the volume of concrete it is a simple task of multiplying its Length, Width, and Thickness together. For Example – 2m x 2m x 2m = 8 m³ of the volume of
    concrete.
54. Different steps involved in building construction: Major steps involved in Building construction like,
55. a. Concreting
    b. Masonry work
    c. Plastering work
    d. Flooring work
    e. Formwork
    f. Steel cutting and Bending

56. 995 mm is the maximum value of the throw of a switch for a broad gauge track.

57. Specific Gravity of Cement be Determine are:
    The composition of cement is itself in powder form. Hence it is not easy to measure its specific gravity. Ultimately knowing its specific gravity is not particularly useful.
    Finding a conclusion to a solution is that the more useful question is “What is the typical density of concrete?” And according to the rule of thumb, its answer is that
    the normally cured concrete has a density of about 150 pounds per cubic foot.

58. The Critical Path Method (C.P.M) are: Critical Path Method is a strategy and method which uses the symbolic diagram to represent the respective tasks and activities involved in the construction.

59. The void ratio: Void ratio is the ratio of the volume of voids to volume of solids.
60. The tests used for checking brick quality are:
    Absorption test, Hardness Test, Shape & size test, crushing strength test, soundness test, etc. are performed to determine the brick quality. For example, in the water absorption test, brick is dipped in freshwater for 16 hours in water. And depending on the weight of brick its class is decided such as if the weight of brick after dipping in water doesn’t exceed 20% it can be considered as a first-class brick if below 22.5% it can be considered as second class brick, and so on.

61. In Indian railways, the minimum formation width in embankment for a single line of board gauge is 6.1m.

62. The Purpose of the Gap in the Road on the Bridge:
    The purpose of the gap in the road is to allow road expansion and contraction caused due to temperature changes, without damaging or deformation the road.

63. The Materials Used in Building a Gravity Dam:
    Compacted earth and concrete are used depending on the dam type. Many gravity dams could be constructed of compacted earth. While high dams are generally made out of concrete. The spillway is a necessary requirement for dams.

64. Anchors used to check to creep of concrete.
65. Cement soundness: It is the property of cement that ensures that the cement does not go through any unwanted expansion or experience any change in volume once it has been set. Cement soundness is a necessary process to help cement get rid of any possibilities of the mortar or concrete from getting expanded.

66. Flat bearing: is a highly effective process for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.

67. The length of each fish plate is 457.2mm. QA & QC Quality Assurance (QA): Set of activities to make sure quality in the processes by which works are done is termed as Quality Assurance (QA). It is the process of managing for quality. Quality Control (QC): Quality Control can be defined as a set of activities that ensure quality in work. This Activities focus on identifying defects in the actual products produced.

68. The major types of reinforcements used in prestressing are:
    Spalling Reinforcement: The Spalling stress adjured leads to stress behind the loaded area of the anchor blocks. Which results into the breaking off of the surface concrete. Equilibrium reinforcements: In this type several anchorages exist where the restressing loads are applied in a sequential manner. Bursting Reinforcements: various stresses occurs in case of the stress concave trajectories towards the line of action of load. In order to reduce such stresses, here the reinforcement in the form of bursting is required.

69. The portion of a brick cut across the width is called BAT.

70. Uses of Groynes are:
    a. Stop the longshore drift.
    b. Slow down erosion.

71. The functions of columns in a building are: Support structural load and transfer it through beams to the foundation.

72. The recommended standards of tamping rod used in cube filling for cube test are: According to the IS code 2386, a 16 mm steel rod with rounded edge is recommended specifications.

73. The range for the bearing capacity of granite is around in between 30 to 35 kg/cm2.
74. The recommended slump for the column is 75 to 125 mm

75. Grouting: Grout is a fluid form of concrete that is used to fill the voids and this method is nothing but grouting.

76. The major difficulties faced during pumping concrete works are:
    a. The force needs to overcome the friction between concrete and the pumping pipes along with the weight of concrete and the pressure head.
    b. Segregation and Bleeding are the major problems associated with pumping.
    c. Aggregate selection is important in this process to reduce errors in work.

77. Reason for concrete being weak in tension are:
    a. Concrete is a combination of materials like several aggregate types, cement, pozzolana, water, air, etc. which are stick together with a cement paste. The zone called the “interface zone” is the weakest link in the structure. During compression, that interface is the only to transfer compressive stresses from aggregate to aggregate. Which does not require exceptional strength.
    b. While the scenario under tension is not the same. The aggregates in tension are trying to pull away from each other and the bond is what holds it tightly. Since it is significantly weaker than the aggregates, it is what results in failure.

78. Bursting Reinforcement is: Tensile stresses induced during prestressing operation are called as bursting reinforcement and it is maximum where the stress trajectories are concave towards the line of action of the load.

79. Steps in Concreting are as given below:
    a. Batching of Concrete
    b. Mixing.
    c. Transportation of Concrete
    d. Compaction of Concrete
    e. Curing

80. The Water-Cement Ratio: Ratio of weight of water to the weight of cement used in a concrete mix. A lower constant ensure higher strength and durability but is difficult to mix i.e. low workability of Concrete Mix. Admixtures are added to deal with workability.

81. Types of cement Various types of cement which are used for quality construction are listed below: Portland Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Low Heat Portland Cement, Colored Portland Cement, Hydrophobic cement, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), White Portland Cement (WPC), Rapid Hardening Cement, Portland Slag Cement, Sulphate resisting Portland Cement, White Portland Cement (WPC), etc.

82. Tests necessary for the quality check of cement are:
    a. On looking, Cement should have a grey color with a light greenish shade.
    b. It should feel smooth when rubbed between fingers. If the hand is inserted in heap cement or its bags, it should feel cool.
    c. When a pinch of cement is thrown in Water then cement should float for some time before it sinks.
    d. Cement should be lump-free when checked by putting the hand in the mixture.

83. Honeycomb in concrete: Air Pocket is another name for honeycomb in concrete which is usually formed during concrete casting.

84. Bearing capacity of soil: The bearing capacity of soil is the ability of soil to withstand the load imposed by the Foundation.

85. The minimum recommended weight of fine aggregate for sieve analysis as per ASTM C136 is 300 g.

86. The duration of the minimum curing concrete period: As per IS 456 – 2000 recommendations the curing period of concrete must be at least 7 days in case of OPC
    (Ordinary Portland Cement), and at least 10 days for the concrete with added mineral admixtures. It is also mandatory for OPC exposed to dry and hot weather conditions to have at least a 10-day curing period.

87. The Retaining wall is the wall constructed to resist the pressure of an earth filling.
88. The process called for covering the concrete placed on the exposed top of an external wall is called coping.

89. Plastic bitumen is the best-suited bitumen used is for filling cracks in masonry structures.

90. The terms bending moment (BM) & Shear force (SF) are: A bending moment is a reaction that tends to bend the element when an external for resist shear force is a
    major objective than its ability to resist an axial force. The axial force acts parallel to the longitudinal axis.

91. Grunting: Grunting is a kind of process in which a mix of cement & sand is in the proportion of 1:3 is shouted on a concrete surface with the use of a cement gun under
    the pressure of 2 to 3 kg/cm2. It is a process with high effectiveness maintained for repairing concrete walls or damaged surfaces.

92. Maximum temperature that is allowable for fresh concrete used according to the ASTM is 32oC.

93. The ideal size of the living room ranging from small to large are:
    a. Very small size living room= 7 x 10 feet
    b. Small living room= 10x 13 feet (for two 2 seater sofa)
    c. Medium living room= 12×18 feet (for 3 Seater sofa)
    d. Large living room= 15×20 feet (for 4 seater or 5 seater sofa)

94. Types of Roofs are as listed below:
    a. Gull wind roof
    b. Mansard roof
    c. Bell cast roof
    d. Sawtooth roof
    e. Monitor roof, etc.
    f. Half hipped roof
    g. Dutch gable roof
    h. Skillion roof
    i. Gambrel roof

95. The standard height of the roof can be one or two stories tall. If you do not need to make the roof taller and yet you won’t make it look bigger from outside, you can use a mansard roof containing multiple floors. Pitch is adjusted so as to give a bigger look.

96. Common problems faced by architecture are: a. The client would sometimes not be able to know what they want that is when the architect will face problems in designing the structure.
    b. When budget is limited
    c. When the requirement of the customer is custom design at standard design cost
    d. When an architect is provided with less space to work

97. Wooden Shingles: Slats or sheets rectangular in shapes that are nailed to the exterior surface are called wooden shingles. The shingling method is a traditional weatherproofing method for building.

98. the most helpful and best engineering Apps are:
    a. Sketchbook
    b. Photoshop Express
    c. Flipboard
    d. Evernote
    e. STEEL
    f. Dropbox
    g. Houzz
    h. AutoCAD Ws
    i. Magic Plan

99. The skills required for a good architect are:
    a. Conceptual understanding related to designing models.
    b. Basic knowledge of computer and architectural software programs.
    c. Various Engineering abilities.
    d. General and Business aptitude.
    e. Knowledge about 3D model Designs. 1/8 on the architect ruler is a scale that converts 1/8 inch onto the drawing to 1 foot. Its representation will be a drawing with a scale of 1/8”= 1 foot.

100. Structural Frame or Systems are:
     Beams and columns form load-bearing assembly on a foundation called Structural frames. However, the columns and beams are mostly fabricated off-site and can be assembled on site.
101. Demising wall: Demising wall act as a boundary that separates your land or house from neighbor’s house or property. The Significance of the labor and material payment bond is if the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment’s or services in accordance with the contract, he or she will guarantee payment to the owner under this bond. Hence it is a bond between the owner and the main contractor

102. (CPM) is a strategy along with the method of representing the respective tasks and activities to be involved in the construction with respect to a symbolic diagram.

103. The binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8 kg per Metric ton.

104. The minimum Compressive strength of Bricks is 3.5 N / mm2.

105. PH value of the water used should not be less than 6.

106. Water absorption of bricks is limited to not more than 15 %.

107. Lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36 mm.

108. The freefall of concrete is allowed a maximum of 1.50m in height.

109. The minimum bars used for a square column are 4 No’s and 6 No’s for the circular column.
110. Longitudinal reinforcement should not less than 0.8% and more than 6% of gross C/S.

111. Steel Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.

112. In steel dowels, a rod minimum of 12 mm diameter should be used.

113. Steel Char maximum spacing is 1.00 m (or) 1 No per 1m2.

114. lapping in reinforcement is not allowed for the bars having diameters more than 36 mm.

115. Normal concrete temperature allowed during placement is 10 to 32 degree centigrade or 50 to 90 degree F.

116. The maximum height during pouring or free fall of concrete is restricted to 1.5 to 2 meters to avoid segregation of concrete.

117. Curing period for concrete is minimum 7 days and maximum of 14 days at temperature of 50.

118. Typical vibrator used for concrete has a head diameter of 30, 50, and 80 mm. The frequency of vibration is 140-200 hz.

119. Normal types of vibrators for concrete are: needle
     vibrator – surface vibrator – screed vibrator – external
     vibrator or formwork vibrator and table vibrator.

120. Some common methods of concrete curing are wet covering, water spraying, sheet covering, soaked hessian cloth, electrical curing, and membrane curing.

121. Slump of concrete is measured by slump cone test.

122. Workability of concrete is measured by slump cone test or compaction factor test.
123. Three types of slump are collapse, shear, and true slump.

124. Typical range of concrete slump in wet condition is 150 to 175 mm.

125. Normal standard concrete has compressive strength in the range of 2500 to 4000 psi or 17 to 28 Mpa.

126. Compressive strength is tested by crushing concrete cylinders in the UTM machine.

127. Size of concrete sample for compressive strength cylinder is 150 mm diameter and 300 mm height.

128. Rebound hammer test is used for non-destructive testing of concrete.
129. Normal aggregates sizes used in concrete is in range of 9.5 mm to 37.5 mm.

130. Specific gravity of cement is around 3.15

131. 4 basic compounds of cement are called brogues compounds they are tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate, tetra-calcium alumina-ferrite.

132. The grey color of cement is due to tetra calcium alumina ferrite.

133. MATERIAL CALCULATION:
     CEMENT IN BAGS
     a. PCC 1:5:10 1440/50.45 129.60Kg 2.59 b. PCC 1:4:8(M 7.5) 1440/40.45 162.00Kg 3.24
     c. PCC 1:2:4(M 15) 1440/20.45 324.00Kg 6.48 d. PCC 1:3:6(M 10) 1440/30.45 216.00Kg 4.32
     e. RCC 1:2:4(M 15) 144/20.45 324.00Kg 6.48 f. RCC 1:1.5:3(M 20) 1440/1.50.45 32.00Kg 8.64
     g. RCC 1:1:2(M 25) 370.00Kg 7.40
     h. RCC M 30 410.00Kg 8.20
     i. RCC M35 445.00Kg 8.90
     j. RCC M40 480.00Kg 9.60

134. Height of building = 3.15m.
135. Height of parapet wall should be 1m.
136. Height of window = 2.1m.
137. Minimum thickness of slab = 125mm.
138. Minimum thickness of lintel = 15cm.
139. Thickness of DPC = 2.5cm.
140. Maximum diameter of the bars used for lapping is 36mm. Bars having more than this diameter are not allowed.
141. Minimum diameter of bars used in slab = 8mm.
142. Minimum diameter of bars used in column = 12mm.
143. Minimum number of bars used in square or rectangular column = 4 bars.
144. Minimum number of bars used in circular column = 6 bars.
145. Maximum diameter of bars used in slab = 1/8 × thickness of slab.
146. Maximum chair spacing = 1m.
147. Chairs minimum of 12 mm diameter bars to be used.
148. Minimum diameter used for dowels bars is 12mm.
149. Longitudinal reinforcement should not be less than 0.8% and not be more than 6% of gross area of cross section.
150. Binding wire required in steel reinforcement is 8kg per MT.
151. Weight of 1 cement bag = 50kg.
152. 1 bag of cement = 1.25 cubic feet = 0.0347 cubic meter.
153. No. of cement bags in 1m^3 = 28.8 bags.
154. Initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes.
155. Final setting time of cement = 10hrs = 600 minutes.
156. PH value of the water should not be less than 6.
157. Riser of staircase = 150mm to 200mm.
158. Tread of staircase = 250mm to 300mm.
159. Angle of staircase = 25° to 40°.
160. Tensile or Flexural strength of concrete = 0.7√fck.
161. Modulus of elasticity of concrete = [Ec=5000√fck].
162. Young’s modulus of steel = [Es=2×10^5 N/mm2].
163. F.O.S for steel = 1.15.
164. F.O.S for concrete = 1.5.
165. Standard size of brick = 190mm×90mm×90 mm = 19cm×9cm×9cm.
166. A good brick clay contains 20 to 30% of alumina, 50 to 60% of silica and the remaining constituents are Lime, Magnesia, Sodium, Potassium, Manganese and iron oxide.
167. Colour of good brick is deep red, cherry or copper Coloured.
168. Compressive strength of bricks is 3.5 N/mm2.
169. Maximum water absorption of first class brick is 15% of its dry weight
170. The excess of silica in the clay makes the brick brittle and weak.
171. Process of manufacturing of bricks consists of Preparation of brick clay, Moulding bricks, Drying of bricks and Burning of bricks.
172. Moulding of bricks may be hand moulding or machine moulding.
173. The burning of dry bricks is done either in clamp or in a kiln.
174. The ingredients of ordinary cements are Lime, Silica, Alumina, Calcium sulphates, Iron oxide, Magnesia, Sulphur & Alkali’s.
175. Ordinary Portland cement consists of 62 to 67% of Lime.
176. The initial setting time of ordinary Portland cement should not be less than 30 minutes.
177. The final setting time of ordinary Portland cement should not be more than 10 hours.
178. Initial and Final setting time of cement is determined by Vicat’s apparatus.
179. The normal consistency of Portland cement is about 25%.
180. When concrete is to be laid under water, Quick setting cement is used.
181. Maximum free fall of concrete allowed to 1.50m.
182. Test on Fresh Concrete
     a. Slump Test – Workability.
     b. Compacting Factor.
     c. Vee-Bee Test.

183. Test on Hardened Concrete
     a. Rebound (Schmidt) Hammer Test.
     b. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test.

184. CONCRETE GRADE
     M5 = 1: 5: 10
     M7.5 = 1: 4: 8
     M10 = 1: 3: 6
     M15 = 1: 2: 4
     M20 = 1: 1.5: 3
     M25 = 1: 1: 2
     M30 & above grade based on Design Mix

185. Specific gravity of Cement, Bricks Sand
     a. Cement – 3.16 g/cm3
     b. Bricks – 2g/cm3
     c. Sand – 2.65 g/cm3
     d. Standard size of brick – 19cm X 9Cm X 4Cm.

186. Unit weight of PPC, RCC, STEEL
     a. PCC – 24 KN/m3,
     b. RCC – 25 KN/m3,
     c. Steel – 7850 kg/m3

187. Important point of civil engineering basics on project management on construction sites
     a. Scheduling
     b. Cost control
     c. Risk management
     d. Contract management
     e. Critical thinking
     f. Project Recovery
     g. Task management
     h. Quality management
     i. Meetings management
     j. Leadership
     k. Decision Making
     l. Negotiation
     m. Organizational skills
     n. Problem-solving skills.

188. The main bars used in the slabs should not be less than 8mm when HYSD bars are used and 10mm when plain bars are used.