What is dead Loa? Explain in details different types of dead load with examples.

Dead load is the weight of the structure itself and any fixed or permanent features such as walls, floors, roofs, beams, columns, etc. In other words, it is the weight of the non-moving components of the structure that remain constant and do not change throughout the life of the structure. Dead load is a crucial factor to be considered in the design of civil structures as it affects the stability, strength, and durability of the structure. Dead load is expressed in terms of force per unit area or weight per unit area.

Some of the different types of dead load with examples are:

1. Self-weight of the structure: This is the weight of the structure itself, including the weight of the building materials such as concrete, steel, bricks, and mortar. The self-weight of the structure varies depending on the material type, dimensions, and density of each element that forms the structure.
2. Partition load: This is the weight of the walls, partitions, and other fixed elements that are present in the structure. Partition loads are calculated based on the dimensions and weight of the wall or partition and the number of partitions present in the structure.
3. Finish load: This is the weight of the finishing elements such as plaster, paint, tiles, and other decorative elements that are present in the structure. Finish loads are calculated based on the area covered by the finishing elements and their weight per unit area.
4. Permanent equipment load: This is the weight of the permanent equipment such as HVAC systems, elevators, water tanks, and other fixed elements that are present in the structure. Permanent equipment loads are calculated based on the weight of the equipment and the number of units present in the structure.
5. Miscellaneous load: This includes the weight of any other fixed elements such as plumbing fixtures, electrical wiring, and any other items that are permanently attached to the structure. Miscellaneous loads are calculated based on the weight of each item and the number of items present in the structure.

In conclusion, the dead load is an essential factor to be considered in the design of civil structures as it affects the stability, strength, and durability of the structure. Understanding the different types of dead load and calculating their weights accurately is crucial to ensure that the structure is designed to withstand the forces it will be subjected to over its lifespan.