What is Vehicle Load? Explain different types of Vehicle Load in details with example of Vehicle load.

Vehicle load refers to the vertical load exerted on a structure by vehicles, such as cars, trucks, buses, or heavy machinery. It is an important consideration in the design of bridges, parking structures, roads, and other transportation infrastructure. The vehicle load varies depending on the type of vehicles, their weight distribution, and the design requirements for the specific structure.

Here are some common types of vehicle load with examples:

1. Live Load: Live load refers to the dynamic load exerted by vehicles as they move across a structure. This load includes the weight of the vehicle and any additional forces caused by acceleration, braking, or unevenness in the road surface. Live loads are considered during the design of bridges, overpasses, and roads to ensure that the structure can safely support the moving vehicles. For example, the live load on a bridge would include the weight of cars, trucks, and buses as they travel over the bridge.
2. Axle Load: Axle load refers to the weight exerted by individual axles of a vehicle. Different axles of a vehicle may carry different loads depending on the weight distribution and the configuration of the vehicle. Axle load is an important consideration in the design of roads and bridges, as excessive loads on individual axles can lead to localized damage or deformation of the structure. For instance, in the case of a heavy truck, the axle load would include the weight supported by each individual axle, such as the front axle, rear axle, or multiple axles in a combination vehicle.
3. Wheel Load: Wheel load refers to the weight exerted by individual wheels of a vehicle. Each wheel carries a fraction of the vehicle’s total weight, and the wheel load distribution depends on factors such as the vehicle’s axle configuration, wheelbase, and load distribution. Wheel loads are considered in the design of parking structures, pavements, and other surfaces to ensure they can withstand the concentrated loads. For example, in a parking garage, the wheel load would include the weight carried by each wheel of a parked vehicle.
4. Impact Load: Impact load refers to the additional force exerted on a structure when a vehicle hits or impacts it suddenly. This load is considered in the design of structures located near high-velocity traffic areas or where potential collisions may occur, such as highway barriers or crash barriers. The impact load accounts for the kinetic energy of the vehicle upon impact and is used to assess the structural capacity to absorb and dissipate this energy, reducing the risk of failure or collapse.
5. Specialized Vehicle Load: Certain specialized vehicles, such as cranes, construction equipment, or military vehicles, may impose unique load requirements on the structure. These vehicles may have irregular weight distributions, concentrated loads, or require additional considerations due to their size or operating conditions. For example, the design of a crane pad would take into account the weight and load distribution of the crane, along with any additional forces generated during lifting operations.

Accurately calculating and accounting for vehicle loads during the design and analysis of transportation infrastructure is crucial for ensuring the structural integrity and safety of the structure. Structural engineers consider factors such as the vehicle type, weight, distribution, velocity, and operating conditions to determine the appropriate design requirements and load capacity of the structure to withstand the applied vehicle loads.