What is stress, Strain and modulus of elasticity of steel. Explain in details with example.
Stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity are important concepts in the study of materials and mechanics, and are particularly relevant in the context of steel, which is a commonly used structural material in construction.
- Stress: Stress is a measure of the force per unit area acting on a material. It is defined as the force applied to an object divided by the cross-sectional area of that object. Stress is usually expressed in units of pascals (Pa) or megapascals (MPa).
For example, if a force of 10,000 N is applied to a steel beam with a cross-sectional area of 100 square centimeters, the stress in the beam would be 10,000 N / 100 cm^2 = 100 MPa.
- Strain: Strain is a measure of the deformation of a material in response to an applied stress. It is defined as the change in length of a material divided by its original length. Strain is usually expressed as a dimensionless ratio.
For example, if a steel beam with an original length of 1 meter experiences a deformation of 0.01 meters when a stress is applied, the strain in the beam would be 0.01 m / 1 m = 0.01, or 1%.
- Modulus of Elasticity: The modulus of elasticity (also known as Young’s modulus) is a measure of the stiffness of a material. It is defined as the ratio of stress to strain for an elastic material, and is a constant for a given material.
For example, if a stress of 100 MPa applied to a steel beam results in a strain of 0.01, the modulus of elasticity of the steel would be 100 MPa / 0.01 = 10,000 MPa.
The modulus of elasticity is an important property of a material, as it determines how the material will behave under loads and how much it will deform in response to those loads. A higher modulus of elasticity indicates a stiffer material, which will deform less under a given load. Steel has a relatively high modulus of elasticity, which is why it is often used as a structural material in construction.